The book of al-Jamel was written to prove the legitimacy of Imam 'Ali in the Battle of Jamel. Theological views of Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid's contemporary sects on this event impressed and persuaded him to write about the Battle of Jamel and selecting of historical narratives about it. The question is what intellectual conditions influenced Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid to gathere the narratives of the Jamal and to write this book? Based on the textual analysis of al-Jamal's text, this study shows that Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid was against the two beliefs spreading in the society of the legitimacy of the performance of Companions of the Prophet at the head of the two armies as well as the theory of “ Legitimate heads/ Illegitimate companions” . He wrote his work on three axes: the explicit deviation of Jamel fighters from the orders of the Islamic religion; their insistence on war, their rejection of ijtihad and their repentance; the virtues and supereminence of Imam 'Ali.

Introduction: To treat or not to treat subclinical hypothyroidism is a question, which internationally creates much discussion and writing. Subclinical hypothyroidism is biochemically defined by a serum TSH above the upper reference limit, whereas serum T4 estimates are within the reference range. This pattern of biochemistry indicates a slightly failing thyroid gland. Both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism show large differences in epidemiology between populations, probably caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Whereas there has been consensus on the benefits of thyroid hormone replacement therapy of overt hypothyroidism for more than 100 years, opinions on how to deal with subclinical hypothyroidism are far from unanimous....

The smuggling phenomenon is a universal issue, which has been turned into a great problem in developing countries. It is inappropriate since it has negative impacts on the economy, weakens the economical strategies and sometimes shows itself as a silent battle against the economy. It is based on illegal profiting via illegal business. There are lots of evidence regarding these activities in developing countries however, there are no reliable statistics available which can be quite misleading. Maybe the most important reason to smuggling is the restriction put on specific businesses. This article tries to illustrate the process in which smuggling is shaped, the contributory factor, its consequences and preventive measures against it.

The microstate of Norway unlike traditional theories of international relations (Hardwareist and paying attention to the great powers / states) has been able to create a respectable role in the internal and international disputes by focusing on the soft power embedded in relative advantages, transnational branding and invaluable image. Question of writing is norway 's reputation in peace diplomacy. the authors, considering the framework of Nation branding attempted to show how Norway (despite its marginal status and scarce resources) has managed to show itself as an acceptable and pro-peace figure( peacemaking/peace keeping) in international conflicts; What many great countries with a great deal of resources have been unable to do. transnational branding of Norwegians in Peace diplomacy was a consequence of focusing on the cultural advantages inherent in the Norwegian nation-state structure. Institution building, legal / financial support for peacebuilding and peacekeeping, Participation in peace in numerous domestic and international conflicts and The rich literature of Norwegian peace is one of the research findings that confirm the hypothesis.

This article revisits 'brag' and 'bragging' in the battle field in Ferdowsi's Shahname. To this end, in the first section, the denotative and idiomatic meanings of brag and bragging are examined and their historical background in ancient Greek, Arab and Iranian as well as the literature of the fourth and fifth centuries are briefly illustrated. The second section aims at exploring Ferdowsi's artistry in dealing with the techniques of bragging in the battle field by Shahname's champions and presents an evaluation of functions and the rhetorical values of bragging as utilized in ferdowsi's story-telling discourse.

Extended Abstract     IntroductionIn the early 16th century, Shah Ismail I (1501–1524) established the Safavid Empire (1501–1736 BC) and reunited Iran for the first time after the collapse of the Sassanid Empire of the 7th century. He ruled a vast territory from Euphrates and Transcaucasia to Hindukush and Oxus. More significantly, he reconstructed Iran’s national identity by combining the Twelver Shia Islam with the Iranian plateau. It was his crucial decision to combine Shiism with the Iranian plateau that retooled Iran for the modern era. The emergence of a new, powerful Shia state in the region had a huge ramification for other Shia communities in the West Asia, particularly the Shia Turks in Minor Asia, while urged Sunni powers of the Ottoman Empire in the west and Uzbek Khanate in the east to ally against the Shia Safavid. For the next time, Iran was surrounded, though this time it was much more intensified since the geopolitical competition in Western Asia overlapped by geo-cultural forces of the Shia-Sunni dichotomy. Such a harsh encirclement in thong term put the country again in the defensive position, made Safavid kings be constantly preoccupied with fighting Sunni powers in the western and eastern fronts, and ultimately left the country prone to domestic rebels.The important point is that the Safavid shahs were not able to disentangle Iran from such a destructive military encirclement. Rare opportunities emerged but the Safavid shahs never defended Iran’s national integrity through power projection beyond its territory to deter external threats. One of these opportunities came up when the Shia Turks, led by Shahkulu, launched a widespread insurgency in spring 1510 and threatened the Ottoman power effectively. For the Middle Eastern Shia, Shah Ismail was both their Shah and Morshed-e Kamel (Complete Su Master). Harshly persecuted by the Ottoman Sultans, the Shia Turk welcomed the Safavi Shah’s sequential victories. Shah Ismail was aware of the power of his supporters; however, he was preoccupied with fighting the Sunni Uzbek Khans in Khorasan, north-eastern Iran, at that time.Furthermore, he did not want to have Iran surrounded by two Sunni powers of the Uzbek and the Ottoman. Therefore, he refrained from inciting Ottoman Sultan, Bayezid II (1481–1512), by siding with the Shia rebellion. Nonetheless, Shahkulu and his 3000 followers were killed in a decisive battle on 2 July 1511. The Ottoman brutally suppressed the Shia Turks. Three years later, Sultan Selim I attacked Iran and defeated Shah Ismail in the Battle of Chaldiran (23 August 1514). Tabriz, the capital of Safavid, was temporarily captured and then destroyed by the Ottoman Jeni Seri forces. Research Method The present article utilizes an intimate historical engagement with the issue through adopting an “analytical process-tracing narrative.” The strength of this narrative lies in its potential to generate a “conceptual framework” organically and incrementally along the unifying theme and guides post of our specific interpretation of Geopolitics. Process tracing allows us to capture the dynamics of change and the causal mechanisms behind these changes within the evolution of the subject under study. Put another way, in analytical process-tracing a theoretical narrative presented in the form of a chronicle that purports to throw light on how an event came about is embedded into an analytical causal explanation couched in explicit theoretical terms.Discussion While much ink has been spilled on the battle of Chaldiran, there has been a theoretical void in the analysis of the explanation of geopolitical, Geo-economic, and Geo-cultural factors behind the outbreak of battle. From this perspective, the present paper is an attempt to explain major forces that shaped the battle of Chaldiran. Heavily based on the first-hand documents, the paper illustrates the Ottoman’s intervention in the middle of Iran’s civil war and against Shah Ismail’s military campaign. It also shows the destructive impact of the Iranian’s lack of modern weapons and wrong military tactics taken by Shah Ismail in the battle. Last but not least, the paper sheds light on the consequences of this battle for the trajectory of the power arrangement in West Asia.Conclusion “Which factors were behind the outbreak of the battle of Chaldiran?” This is the central question that guides the analytic narrative in the present paper. The paper shows that, along with major factors, Shah Ismail’s lack of ‘ability’ and ‘intention’ in the support for a non-state entity of the Shia Turk movement ultimately led to the defeat of Iran’s Army. Elaborating the impact of geopolitical factors in the outbreak of the war, the paper argues that it was rooted in Iran’s ‘historical strategic loneliness’. Accordingly, the deployment of Iranian forces to conflict abroad has a notable struggle of Iran’s power projection beyond its territory to compensate its strategic loneliness and to deter external threats. However, Shah Ismail was not able to follow this very logic and, therefore, lost the battle. Phrased differently, Shah Ismail’s lack of ability and intention in the support for a non-state entity of the Shia Turk movement ultimately led to the defeat of Iran’s army and the permanent loss of Western regions of Safavid Empire

In Iran, during the Zandieh era, the military organization there was not much difference from the Afsharid and Safavid era, so the methods and tactics used by the military forces were in fact an overview of previous courses. In this period the old warfare method was based on the supremacy of the manpower and the brave and heroic warfare. But the use of proper and appropriate methods of battle also played a major role in the victory or defeat of the troops. During the Zandieh era, various methods were used to win the battle such as: therumors of wounding, capturing or killing the commander of the opposing forces, the plundering of the enemy soldiers by giving money andother gifts, starting the war inthe spring, avoiding thebattle in plains and open spaces, using walls and ditches to protect the cities, building fortifications to break the siege andnight attack. If used the methods correctly and appropriately, would have led to victory inthe battles. Zandieh's troops tried to use all of these methods to win the battles. This ledto their success in many conflicts. In the present research, it will be tried to answer the question with using the descriptive-analytical method and reference tothe first-handresources, which has contributed to the success of the military forces of the Zandia forces, especially during the period of Karim Khan Zand. The research'sachievement is that Zandieh army, with the presence of commanding commanders like Karim Khan, was ableto achieve the greatest success in the battle with the proper and timely use of various methods ofbattle.

The role, place and use of symbols in human life can not be ignored. Symbols have existed throughout the history and in all the human societies. The symbol is a sign of thought, object, concept, how, and so on, a tangible and observable phenomenon that represents something other than itself or signifies something other than itself. Repetition of symbols and signs reinforces the meaning and sense of a specific cultural and social identity. Advertising is one of the most important cultural tools that can create or reinforce new values by using symbols. By using propaganda symbols, Mu'awiyah was able to change the outcome of the battle of Safin, which was an influential event and a turning point in the history of Islam, in his favor. The results of the present study, which examines Mu'awiyah's propaganda symbols in the battle of Safin with a descriptive-analytical approach, show that Mu'awiyah uses visual symbols such as the Qur'an, the Uthman's bloody shirt and cut finger, and verbal symbols such as the Uthman's bloodlust, the sacred texts (narrations and the Qur'an) and the titles for his religious and political legitimacy, which resulted in the division of the Iraqi army and consequently his conquest and victory.